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1.
Stem Cell Rev Rep ; 17(1): 285-290, 2021 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1082312

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the results of a standard and complex treatment method using the peptide drug thymus thymalin in patients with COVID-19. One of the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect of thymalin is considered to be the ability of this peptide drug to influence the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It was found that, as a result of standard treatment, patients in the control group showed a decrease in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer. The addition of thymalin to standard therapy accelerated the decline in both these indicators and the indicators of the T cell system. This has helped reduce the risk of blood clots in COVID-19 patients. The revealed properties of the thymus peptide preparation are the rationale for its inclusion in the complex treatment of coronavirus infection. Peptideswith potential biological activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus [29]. Note: Nitrogen atoms are shown in blue, oxygen atoms - in red, carbon atoms - in gray, hydrogen atoms - in white, and phosphorus atoms - in yellow.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , Thymus Hormones/therapeutic use , COVID-19/genetics , COVID-19/pathology , COVID-19/virology , Cytokines/genetics , Hematopoiesis/drug effects , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Thymus Gland/metabolism , Thymus Hormones/genetics , Thymus Hormones/metabolism
2.
Bull Exp Biol Med ; 170(1): 118-122, 2020 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-959313

ABSTRACT

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex isolated from the thymus and regulating the functions of the immune system. Thymalin is effective in therapy of acute respiratory syndrome, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and other immunopathology. Thymalin increases functional activity of T lymphocytes, but the targeted molecular mechanism of its biological activity requires further study. We studied the influence of thymalin on differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and expression of CD28 molecule involved in the implementation of antiviral immunity in COVID-19 infection. It was found that thymalin reduced the expression of CD44 (stem cell marker) and CD117 (molecule of the intermediate stage of HSC differentiation) by 2-3 times and increased the expression of CD28 (marker of mature T lymphocytes) by 6.8 times. This indirectly indicates that thymalin stimulated differentiation of CD117+ cells into mature CD28+T lymphocytes. It is known that in patients with severe COVID-19, the number of CD28+, CD4+, CD8+T lymphocytes in the blood decreased, which attested to a pronounced suppression of immunity. It is possible that the antiviral effect of thymalin consists in compensatory stimulation of HSC differentiation into CD28+T lymphocytes at the stage of immunity suppression in unfavorable course of viral infection. Thymalin can be considered as an immunoprotective peptide drug for the prevention of COVID-19.


Subject(s)
Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Thymus Hormones/pharmacology , CD28 Antigens/genetics , CD28 Antigens/metabolism , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/pathology , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Fetal Blood/cytology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology , Humans , Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics , Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/physiology , Thymus Hormones/physiology
3.
Progress in Physiological Science ; 51(4):51-63, 2020.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-948320

ABSTRACT

Summary. This review summarizes molecular aspects of pathogenesis and perspectives of coronavirus infection COVID-19 therapy. Severe forms of COVID-19 lead to immune system hyperactivation, “cytokine storm” and hemostatic system dysfunction. With COVID-19, activation of the complement cascade by its classical and lectin pathways occurs along with leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutrocytosis, violation of the T-lymphocytes subpopulations ratio. The patients manifest hypercoagulation, accompanied with overexpression of Tissue and von Willebrand factors on the blood vessel endothelium, enhanced platelet aggregation, increased D-dimer, and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products. At the same time, microangiopathy, immunothrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation takes place. This leads to a pronounced inflammatory reaction and the development of thrombosis, accompanied by the lung tissue destruction and multiple organ failure, often fatal. Around 40% of patients with severe COVID-19 forms revealed dysfunctions of the central nervous system. Immunomodulating peptides (Thymopentin, Thymalin, Thymogen), anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents appear to be a promising solution for the correction of the immune and hemostasis systems’ dysfunction. A complex peptide drug with neuroprotective properties - Cortexin, isolated from the brain of calves, can be recommended to normalize the nervous system functions in case of COVID-19. В обзоре представлены молекулярные аспекты патогенеза и перспективы терапии коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. При тяжелой форме COVID-19 возникает гиперактивация иммунной системы, “цитокиновый шторм”, нарушение функций системы гемостаза. При COVID-19 наблюдается активация системы комплемента по классическому и лектиновому путям, лейкопения, лимфоцитопения, нейтрофилез, нарушение соотношения субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов. У пациентов возникает гиперкоагуляция, сопровождаемая повышением экспрессии тканевого фактора и фактора фон Виллебранда на эндотелии кровеносных сосудов, усиленной агрегацией тромбоцитов, увеличением D-димера и продуктов деградации фибриногена/фибрина. При этом развивается микроангиопатия, иммунотромбоз, диссеминированное внутрисосудистое свертывание крови. Это приводит к выраженной воспалительной реакции и развитию тромбоза, что сопровождается деструкцией ткани легких и полиорганной недостаточностью, часто приводящей к летальному исходу. У 40% пациентов с тяжелой формой COVID-19 наблюдаются нарушения функций центральной нервной системы. Перспективными препаратами для коррекции дисфункции иммунной системы и системы гемостаза являются иммуномодулирующие пептиды (тимопентин, тималин, тимоген), антикоагулянты и антиагреганты. Для нормализации функций нервной системы при COVID-19 может быть рекомендован лекарственный комплексный пептидный нейропротекторный препарат кортексин, выделенный из мозга телят.

4.
Cell Technologies in Biology and Medicine ; - (3):158-163, 2020.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-859474

ABSTRACT

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex isolated from the thymus that regulates the functions of the immune system. Thymalin is effective in therapy of acute respiratory syndrome, chronic obstructive bronchitis, and other immunopathology. Thymalin increases the functional activity of T lymphocytes, but the targeted molecular mechanism of its biological activity requires further study. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of thymalin on human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiation and the CD28 molecule expression, which is involved in the implementation of antiviral immunity in COVID-19. It was found that thymalin reduces the expression of the stem cell marker CD44 and the intermediate stage of differentiation of HSC CD117 by a factor of 2-3. Thymalin also increases the expression of the mature T lymphocyte marker CD28 by 6.8 times. This indirectly indicates that under the influence of thymalin, CD117<sup>+</sup> cells differentiate into mature CD28<sup>+</sup>T lymphocytes. It is known that in patients with severe COVID-19, the number of CD28<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>T lymphocytes in the blood decreases. This indicates a pronounced suppression of immunity, which can be fatal. It is possible that the antiviral effect of thymalin is expressed in compensatory stimulation of HSC differentiation into CD28<sup>+</sup>T lymphocytes at the stage of immunity suppression in an unfavorable course of viral infection. Thymalin can be considered as one of the immunoprotective peptide drugs for the prevention of COVID-19. Тималин - комплекс полипептидов, выделенных из тимуса, регулирующий функции иммунной системы. Установлена эффективность тималина в терапии острых респираторных заболеваний, хронического обструктивного бронхита и другой иммунопатологии. Тималин повышает функциональную активность Т-лимфоцитов, но таргетный молекулярный механизм действия препарата требует дальнейшего изучения. Исследовали влияние тималина на дифференцировку гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (ГСК) человека и экспрессию молекулы CD28, участвующей в реализации противовирусного иммунитета при COVID-19. Установлено, что тималин в 2-3 раза снижал экспрессию маркера стволовых клеток CD44 и молекулы промежуточного этапа дифференцировки ГСК CD117. Также тималин в 6.8 раза повышал экспрессию маркера зрелых Т-лимфоцитов CD28. Это косвенно свидетельствует о том, что под действием тималина CD117<sup>+</sup>-клетки дифференцируются в зрелые CD28<sup>+</sup> Т-лимфоциты. Известно, что у пациентов с тяжёлой формой течения COVID-19 снижается количество CD28<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup> Т-лимфоцитов в крови, что указывает на выраженное подавление иммунитета. Возможно, противовирусное действие тималина выражается в компенсаторной стимуляции дифференцировки ГСК в CD28<sup>+</sup> Т-лимфоциты на этапе подавления иммунитета при неблагоприятном течении вирусной инфекции. Тималин может рассматриваться как один из иммунопротективных пептидных препаратов для профилактики COVID-19.

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